Two of the principal arteries of global commerce are being drawn into war simultaneously. While Iran maintains military pressure over the Strait of Hormuz, the Iran-backed Houthis are establishing effective military leverage over Bab el-Mandeb. One is the gateway to the Persian Gulf; the other, to the Suez Canal. If both passages are placed under threat at the same time, the consequences will extend far beyond rising oil prices. The commercial order linking Asia to Europe will effectively be held by the throat.
The Houthis, formally known as Ansar Allah, emerged from the Zaydi Shia communities of northern Yemen. After seizing the capital, Sana’a, in 2014, they ceased to be an ordinary militia and evolved into a de facto governing authority controlling state institutions, ports and a substantial population. They collect taxes and customs revenues, control fuel imports and telecommunications, and operate a war economy of their own.
Nor are the Houthis merely users of weapons supplied by Iran. They can assemble missile and unmanned aerial vehicle components in Yemen and manufacture certain categories of munitions. The designs, critical components and technology behind their more advanced systems, however, largely originate in Iran, while their military cadres have received training from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Hezbollah. The Houthis are not a simple force operated remotely by Tehran; yet without Iranian support, they could not have attained their present range and firepower. In short, they have become Iran’s armed partner in the Red Sea.
Washington first designates states it considers inimical to its interests as adversaries and then proceeds to encircle them. It employs economic sanctions, diplomatic coercion, interference in domestic politics and, when deemed necessary, direct military force to place the targeted country under sustained pressure. The stated justification changes from one case to another: democracy, human rights, counterterrorism, nuclear proliferation or regional security. The underlying objective remains constant—to maintain control over strategic resources, particularly the production and distribution routes of oil and natural gas.
The policy pursued against Iran is a continuation of this practice. Washington assumed that Tehran could be compelled to submit through military bases, sanctions and regional partners. This time, however, it did not encounter a state that could be fractured with ease. Iran has not merely resisted from within its own territory; through the regional network it has built over the years, it has transferred the pressure onto the energy and commercial routes underpinning the American-led order.
Iran in Hormuz and the Houthis in Bab el-Mandeb can no longer be treated as two unrelated forces. Acting in concert, they now possess the capacity to disrupt simultaneously the export of Gulf oil, its passage towards Europe through the Red Sea, and the continuity of trade between Asia and Europe.
In attempting to encircle Iran, Washington has placed its own energy order within Iran’s effective range.
The oil and liquefied natural gas transported through Hormuz are indispensable to global energy markets. Bab el-Mandeb connects the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean through the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. If Hormuz becomes unusable, Gulf oil cannot readily reach international markets. If Bab el-Mandeb becomes unsafe, vessels travelling from Asia to Europe must sail around southern Africa. Voyages lengthen, insurance premiums multiply, transportation costs rise, and the bill for Washington’s war is presented to countries that did not choose to participate in it.
Developments in Yemen must therefore not be dismissed as another episode in the country’s civil war. The Houthi advance across strategic heights, islands and the Red Sea coastline is about far more than severing the supply routes of Saudi-backed forces. The military pressure now being exerted over Bab el-Mandeb completes the western end of the threat created by Iran in Hormuz.
The resulting configuration is unmistakable: Iran at the exit from the Gulf, the Houthis at the entrance to the Red Sea.
Two distinct forces in two separate theatres, producing a single strategic consequence.
Washington arrived at this point not merely through miscalculation, but through its longstanding presumption that it could reshape the region at will. It refused to recognise that Iran would not confine the conflict to its own borders and would eventually activate the regional network it had spent years constructing. If Washington intervenes in Hormuz, it will widen the war with Iran. If it resumes bombing Yemen, it risks placing Saudi Arabia directly in the line of fire without any assurance that the Houthis can be eliminated.
Riyadh understands this. Saudi Arabia’s overriding concern is no longer whether Iran can be defeated, but how much damage the conflict could inflict upon its oil installations, ports and export routes. Its caution towards further American strikes is not cowardice; it is the cold calculation imposed by geography. Washington may initiate a war from a distance, but the missiles will not fall on American cities. They will strike the refineries, ports and pipelines of the Gulf.
The United States will make the decisions; the Gulf states will burn.
China can no longer behave as a silent customer. It is among the largest recipients of the energy and commercial cargo transported through Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb. Beijing has pressed Iran to restrain the Houthis, while Chinese state-owned companies have begun keeping their tankers away from both passages. Yet such precautions do not amount to an assumption of responsibility; they represent an attempt to evade the danger. China must acknowledge that the era in which it could protect its economic interests without bearing any political or military cost for the security of maritime routes is coming to an end.
Europe’s position is more precarious still. It possesses neither the independent military capability required to secure its energy supplies nor the common political will necessary to keep the sea lanes open. Once again, Europe will await intervention from Washington, while Washington seeks to transfer the cost to its European allies. Ships will be diverted around Africa, energy and freight costs will rise, and European citizens will pay the bill.
Europe will once again bear the cost of a war without having held a meaningful place at the table where the decisions were made.
Türkiye cannot continue to shelter behind the phrase “we are closely monitoring developments.” Any weakening of the Suez–Mediterranean route directly alters the commercial and military balance in the Eastern Mediterranean. Higher energy prices will be reflected in Türkiye’s production costs, while insecurity in the Red Sea will affect its ports and shipping routes. If Ankara does not wish to pay for wars initiated by others, it must cease being a passive observer and become a state that defines its interests clearly and acts accordingly.
It cannot yet be said that Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb have been completely and permanently closed. But a maritime passage need not be formally sealed in order to be controlled. A handful of attacks on commercial vessels, the withdrawal of insurers and a sharp increase in freight rates may be sufficient. Commerce does not respond to official declarations; it responds to risk. A strait may remain open on paper, but if ships cannot pass through it safely, it is closed in practice.
In seeking to encircle Iran, Washington has exposed two of the global economy’s principal arteries to pressure from Iran and its allies. Deploying additional warships may temporarily reduce the immediate threat, but it cannot conceal the strategic defeat that has already emerged.
The issue is therefore no longer whether one strait or another is formally open or closed.
The issue is that a policy designed to construct a global order by controlling the resources and trade routes of others has now turned against its own architect.