For quite some time, the same question has repeatedly been asked about the war between Ukraine and Russia, and the answer is given immediately afterward: Russia is losing the war.
As expected, a significant part of the US-based media argues that Russia has failed militarily, is approaching economic collapse, has become politically isolated, and that Putin has no way out. The same assessments are repeated in the European media and then spread to the rest of the world. In this way, a claim that should be debated is turned into a definite judgment that supposedly no longer needs to be questioned.
If this judgment does not fully reflect reality, what is the purpose of the perception campaign launched from the first day of the war? Why has the sentence “Russia is losing” been repeated at every available or manufactured opportunity for more than four years?
If Russia is truly losing, several questions must also be answered: Why is the Russian army still on Ukrainian territory? Why has the government in Moscow not changed? Why has Russia’s capacity to fight and produce weapons not been exhausted? Why is Ukraine still so heavily dependent on foreign weapons, money, ammunition, and intelligence? Why must Europe prepare increasingly large aid packages every year instead of producing a political solution that could end the war?
Asking these questions does not mean taking sides in this senseless war or politically supporting either party. It means trying to judge the outcome of the war not through the headlines presented to us, but through the situation that has emerged over more than four years.
Russia clearly failed in its initial planning when it began the war. Kyiv was not captured quickly, the Ukrainian government was not overthrown, and the Russian army did not advance at the expected speed. Moscow suffered heavy losses in personnel and equipment, received serious blows in the Black Sea, faced economic sanctions, and, while trying to prevent NATO’s expansion, caused Finland and Sweden to join the alliance. Each of these developments represents a serious strategic cost for Russia.
However, the failure of the initial plan is not the same as losing the war.
After its unsuccessful beginning, Russia transformed the conflict from a short-term military operation into a long war of attrition. It expanded its defense industry, increased military production, redirected its foreign trade, and continued fighting despite Western sanctions. Putin remained in office; the defense minister changed, but the system of government did not collapse. It is true that Russia has failed to win the war at the speed it wanted. However, no military or political outcome has emerged to prove that it has been defeated.
The West’s calculations were not based solely on military losses at the front. It was believed that sanctions would make the Russian economy unable to function, that worsening living conditions would destroy society’s willingness to continue the war, and that the Russian people would eventually turn against Putin’s government. The idea that war is not fought only between armies but also involves the economy, infrastructure, and public morale is not new. However, the record of this method is not as successful as many assume. Heavy bombing in Vietnam failed to break North Vietnam’s resistance. In the Middle East, state structures were destroyed, but societies could not be forced to accept a political order imposed from outside.
The war in Ukraine has demonstrated the same reality once again. The severe damage Russia inflicted on Ukrainian cities and energy infrastructure did not force Ukrainian society to surrender. Western sanctions also failed to create the expected political breakdown within Russian society. On both sides, pressure strengthened a sense of national resistance instead of turning the public against its government. If, after four years, expectations are still based on the belief that the Russian people will overthrow Putin, then the same mistaken calculation is simply being repeated.
Ukraine defended its country far more strongly than expected. Its success in stopping the Russian army’s initial assault and resisting throughout a war that has continued for more than four years cannot be underestimated. However, heroic resistance is not the same as winning a war. Ukraine’s cities, energy system, industry, and population structure have suffered severe damage. Millions of people have left the country. Maintaining the economy, the state budget, and the armed forces has become increasingly dependent on foreign support.
The European Union is providing Ukraine with €90 billion in loans for 2026 and 2027 alone, with approximately €60 billion expected to be allocated to defense needs. NATO countries, meanwhile, have pledged €70 billion in military equipment, assistance, and training for 2026. These figures do not represent a victory celebration; they show that Ukraine cannot continue the war using its own resources.
Ukraine is unquestionably the country that has suffered the greatest losses in this war. The war is being fought on Ukrainian territory, Ukrainian cities are being destroyed, Ukraine’s population is declining, and the country’s future is becoming increasingly dependent on decisions made by others. Even if Ukraine recovers all its territory, it will not be able to restore the lives lost, the years that have passed, or the destruction it has suffered within a short time.
But is the United States winning?
By using the Ukrainian army, the United States has weakened Russia, restored its leadership over NATO, and made Europe more dependent on the American security umbrella and weapons systems. The breakdown of economic relations between Russia and Europe has also been an important strategic gain for Washington.
However, the United States has failed to lead Ukraine, which it supported for years, to a decisive victory. It has not brought Russia to collapse, removed Putin from power, or pushed Moscow outside the international system. Moreover, by driving Russia closer to China, it has accelerated cooperation among the powers opposing the United States. Therefore, the United States has made some gains, but it has no victory to declare.
Europe’s position is even worse. European countries moved away from cheap Russian energy, were forced to increase their defense spending, took responsibility for millions of Ukrainian refugees, and now face a long-term security crisis in the eastern part of the continent. Despite this, Europe has failed to develop an independent political will capable of determining the direction of the war. Europe is a party to the war, one of its main financial supporters, and is directly affected by its consequences. Yet it is not in a position to decide on its own when and under what conditions the war will end.
Institutionally, NATO appears to have grown stronger. It has gained new members, reinforced its eastern flank, and restored unity around the Russian threat. However, NATO is not facing a Russian threat that has been eliminated. It is facing a Russia that is producing more weapons, gaining more military experience through a long war, and now openly regards the West as its enemy. Can this be called security, or should it be described as preparation for a larger conflict that has merely been postponed?
The winners and losers of wars are not determined by propaganda slogans. They are determined by comparing the original objectives with the actual results. Russia failed to take control of all of Ukraine, change its government, or prevent NATO’s expansion. In this respect, it failed to achieve a significant part of its objectives. However, Ukraine has also failed to restore its territorial integrity, secure full membership in the Western security system, or create a war structure that can survive with its own resources. The United States weakened Russia but could not defeat it. Europe paid a heavy price but failed to increase its political influence. NATO expanded, but it also increased the threat standing against it.
Therefore, “Why is Russia losing?” is the wrong question. The correct question is:
Who is losing in Ukraine?
The answer is not the name of a single country. Russia is losing people, resources, and time. Ukraine is losing its country and its future. Europe is losing its economic strength and strategic independence. The United States is losing the credibility of its claim that it can force Russia to accept the outcome Washington wants. As NATO expands, it is also increasing the threat it faces.
Everyone may have gained something from this war: defense companies have gained money, states have gained new positions, and politicians have gained new justifications. However, there is no undisputed military victory.
Only one thing is certain: Repeating every day that Russia is losing is not enough to prove that Ukraine is winning.
Formun Üstü